International Journal of Science, Engineering and TechnologyAuthors: Gangule Krushna B, Professor Abhishek Popat Bangar, Professor S. B. Bhosale, Dr. A. A. Khatri
Abstract: Disasters such as floods, earthquakes, landslides and large-scale accidents can damage roads, power systems and communication infrastructure, delaying search, assessment and relief delivery. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can provide rapid aerial observation, survivor-search support, delivery of lightweight emergency supplies and temporary communication coverage. This review synthesizes three supplied papers: a global review of UAVs for search and rescue, a YOLO-based radio-frequency (RF) spectrogram detector, and a lightweight authentication protocol for emergency UAVs. The search-and-rescue literature emphasizes sensor integration, multi-UAV coordination, communication recovery and the persistent constraints of battery endurance and payload. The RF detection study compares YOLOv8n and YOLOv9t, reporting mAP50–95 values around 0.80–0.85 and inference times of 1.6 ms and 3.0 ms, respectively, in its experimental setting. The authentication study addresses mutual authentication and session-key establishment among an operational drone, ground station and rescue drones, using formal protocol analysis. These contributions are relevant but do not individually demonstrate a complete end-to-end disaster-relief platform. This review proposes a conceptual architecture combining multisensor reconnaissance, edge-based AI, task allocation across multiple UAVs, secure communications and human-supervised relief decisions. Major gaps include limited field validation, uncertain performance under severe weather and radio interference, battery and payload trade-offs, and the need to test security and detection jointly in realistic missions.
