International Journal of Science, Engineering and TechnologyAuthors: Manjit Borah
Abstract: The increasing demand for sustainable, miniaturized and eco-friendly power sources has spurred significant interest in nanogenerators for self-powered electronics. Among the materials explored, barium titanate (BT), a lead-free ferroelectric perovskite has emerged as a promising candidate owing to its high dielectric constant, strong piezoelectric response, and environmental compatibility. This review highlights the evolution of BT from its early discovery as a ferroelectric ceramic to its modern applications in energy harvesting systems. The fundamental aspects of BT, including its perovskite crystal structure, ferroelectric behavior, and piezoelectric mechanism, are discussed to establish its role as an effective energy transducer. Strategies for enhancing its modest intrinsic piezoelectric properties such as domain alignment, chemical doping, phase boundary engineering, grain texturing and composite or nanostructure design are thoroughly examined. Advances in device engineering have demonstrated the utility of BT nanostructures, including nanowires, nanotubes, and thin films, in piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs), triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) and hybrid nanogenerators (HNGs). Comparative insights into these systems reveal BT’s dual role as both a primary energy harvester and a dielectric performance enhancer. Finally, the review underscores BT’s technological relevance in wearable electronics, biomedical implants and Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices, positioning it as a sustainable alternative to lead-based ferroelectrics for next-generation self-powered systems. PACS Nos.: 77.84.-s, 77.65.-j, 84.60.-h, 84.60.Rb, 81.07.-b
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17439503
