Biofertilizers: A Sustainable Alternative to Chemical Fertilizers – Mechanisms, Applications, Challenges and Future Perspectives

Authors: Assistant Professor Himadri Sharma

Abstract: Biofertilizers are microbial preparations containing beneficial microorganisms that improve plant nutrition and soil fertility through biological processes. They play an important role in sustainable agriculture by enhancing nutrient availability through nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization and potassium mobilization. Important microorganisms include Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Bacillus, Pseudomonas and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. These microorganisms promote plant growth, improve nutrient uptake and support soil microbial activities. Recent advances in microbial biotechnology, microbial consortia, genomics and encapsulation have expanded their agricultural applications. However, microbial survival, formulation stability and variable field performance remain significant challenges. This review highlights the classification, mechanisms, applications, technological advances and future prospects of biofertilizers in sustainable agriculture.