International Journal of Science, Engineering and TechnologyAuthors: Odioko Mercy Obianuju, Patrick O. Nwosibe, Paul Nnamdi Ogbu, Olubunmi Abiola Adewusi, Tasie Chimezie Michael, Ibrahim Gadaka Kizito, Onwugbuta Godpower Chukwuemeka, Adamu Musa Dagare, Erienu Obruche Kennedy
Abstract: Environmental pollution is a major global concern arising from increasing industrialization, urbanization, agricultural activities, transportation, petroleum exploration, mining and improper waste disposal. This research work examines environmental pollution and the harmful effects of pollutants on ecosystem components, with emphasis on their sources, environmental fate, transport and ecological consequences. Major forms of pollution, including air, water and soil pollution, are discussed alongside important pollutants such as heavy metals, petroleum hydrocarbons, pesticides, nutrients, plastics and other hazardous substances. This review highlights how pollutants alter soil properties, water quality and atmospheric conditions and affect plants, animals and microorganisms. Particular attention is given to bioaccumulation, biomagnification, biodiversity loss and disruption of ecosystem functions. The potential implications of environmental pollution for human health and ecosystem sustainability are also examined. Furthermore, pollution prevention, monitoring, remediation and ecosystem restoration strategies are considered, including physical, chemical, biological, phytoremediation and emerging nanotechnology-based approaches. This review emphasizes integrated and sustainable pollution-management practices to reduce environmental degradation, protect biodiversity and promote long-term ecosystem health.
DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22933995
