International Journal of Science, Engineering and TechnologyAuthors: Subhasis Basu, Dr.Subhasis Basu
Abstract: The four natural DNA bases A-Adenosine ,T-Thymine, G-Guanine, C-Cytosine are associate in base pairs as (A=T and G≡C), allowing the attached DNA strands to assemble into the canonical double helix of DNA which is duplex of DNA, also known as ℬ-DNA. The intrinsic supra molecular properties of nuclei bases make other associations possible such as base triplets or quartets, which thus translates into a diversity of DNA structures is ripe with approximately 20 letters, (from A- to Z-DNA); however, only a few of them are being considered as key players in cell biology and by extension, valuable targets for chemical biology invention. In the present review, we summarise (1) what is known about alternative DNA structures (2) what are they? (3)When, where and how they fold? These are all proceeded to discuss further and those considered nowadays as valuable therapeutic targets. We discuss in more detail the molecular tools (ligands) that have been recently developed to target these structures. In order to intervene in the biological processes, particularly three and four ways of DNA junctions are involved there. This new and simulating chemical biology playground allows for devising innovative strategies to fight against genetic diseases. For example to find Structural Modification/Geometrical changes by DNA Quadruples Folding are done by attachment of second prototypes of ligands. DNA quadruples participate in many biological functions. It takes up a variety of folds based on the sequence and environment. Here, a meticulous analysis of experimentally determined 437 quadruple structures (433 PDBs) deposited in the PDB is carried out. The analysis reveals the modular representation of the quadruples folds. Forty-eight unique quadruple motifs (whose diversity arises out of the propeller, bulge, diagonal, and lateral loops that connect the quartets) are identified, leading to simple to complex inter/intra molecular quadruple folds. The two-layered structural motifs are further classified into 33 continuous and 15 discontinuous motifs. While the continuous motifs can directly be extended to a quadruple fold; the discontinuous motif requires an additional loop(s) to complete a fold, as illustrated here with examples. Similarly, higher-order quadruple folds can also be represented by continuous or discontinuous motifs or their combinations. In order to achieve Sustainable Development Goals we have to get maximum stable form of folding to get both thermodynamically and kinetically stable DNA or RNA structure to get proper drug design for the treatment of target diseases or cloning purposes. Help of molecular docking software like AutodocVina and help of PDB software we have to perform it. Alternatively applied those drugs to the victim like Rabbits or mousses etc. for a time period for particular target diseases for optimal treatment result conditions. The topic is under the domain of modern Analytical Chemistry and biotechnology up gradation purposes. With attachment of small molecules with DNA/RNA Finding proper cloning or stalest DNA folding and to find optimal drug design for the treatment of target disease and to find a diseases free society for lifelong initiatives. Such a modular representation of the quadruple folds may assist in custom engineering of quadruples, designing motif-based drugs, and the prediction of the quadruple structure. Furthermore, it could facilitate understanding of the role of quadruples’ in biological functions and diseases
DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17669303
