Volume 4 Issue 1: 2016 | International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology

1. Performance analysis of Effect of Cyclic Prefix on Data Rates in Wi-MAX System with Variation in Signal to Noise Ratio and Coding Rates for Different Modulation Techniques: A survey

Authors- ¹Sachin Kumar Barmase, ²Kanak Kumar

Affiliation- ¹M.Tech. Scholar, Department of EC, MIT, Bhopal, India, Email: barmasesachin@gmail.com

²Assistant Professor, Department of EC, MIT Bhopal, India

Digital Document Identifier – 10.2348/ijset0116220

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract- Orthogonal frequency division Multiplexing (OFDM) has become the chosen modulation technique for wireless communications because it provides a high data rate wireless transmission. From the Process of this development, the mechanism of an OFDM system can be studied; and with a completed MATLAB program, the characteristics of an OFDM system can be explored. Implementation of the OFDM system entails several difficulties. One of the major drawbacks is the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) which causes large number of sub-carriers, which make restrictions for practical applications. Results are verified using MATLAB software. The simulation is used to study the effect of the cyclic prefix on the bit error rate (BER) with different types of modulation techniques (BPSK, 4QAM, 16QAM, and 64QAM) based on the variation in signal to noise ratio (SNR).

Keywords- Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM); SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio), BER (Bit Error Rate), MIMO (Multi-Input Multi-Output), Wi-Max, IFFT (Inverse Fast Fourier Transform), LTE

2. Improve Performance of PV System by PID Controller

Authors- ¹Nishant Kumar, ²Nitin Sharma

Affiliation- ¹M.Tech Scholar, JaganNath University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

²Assistant Professor, JaganNath University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

DDI – 10.2348/ijset0116227

Abstract- Power from solar panel is affected by isolation and temperature variation which can be minimized by MPPT system. To extract maximum power from solar system, perturb and observe technique of PID controller is used. A PV system require proper battery charge controller to balance the power flow from PV system to battery and load such that photovoltaic power is utilized effectively. A circuit based simulation model for a pv-cell for assessing the IV trademark curves of photovoltaic-panel as for changes on environmental parameters (irradiance & temperature) and cell parameters (Ideality factor & parasitic resistance).We are improving the results of peak power and voltage by use PID controller . Maximum power and maximum voltage is increasing from the base system.

Keywords: mppt, Shockley diode, photovoltaic (pv), MATLAB/Simulink, irradiance, Iv and Pv Curves.

3. Improve Performance of Low-Power Clock Branch Sharing Double-Edge Triggered Flip-Flop

Authors- ¹Sumant Kumar, ²Ghanshyam Jangid

Affiliation- ¹M.Tech Scholar, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.

²Assistant Professor, Department of Electronic and Communication, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.

DDI – 10.2348/ijset0116233

Abstract-A low power dual edge triggered flip flop based on a signal feed through scheme is presented. The power consumption is the major problem in circuit design. The proposed deign reduces power compared to explicit pulse triggered flip flop. Reducing the number of transistor in the stack and increasing the number of charge path leads to higher operational speed compared to others flip-flops. Double-edge-triggered flip flops (DETFFs) are recognized as power-saving flip flops. The dual edge triggered design operates in a low voltage range and hence it is suited for low voltage application. This flip flop uses weak feedback transistor but without static power consumption. This reduces leakage current and thus saves the power. By using low clock frequency high throughput can be achieved. The simulation is done using Tanner EDA Tool v14 with CMOS 45nm technology. In the thesis we propose a new technique for implementing low-energy double-edge triggered flip-flops is introduced. The new technique employs a clock branch-sharing scheme to reduce the number of clocked transistors in the design. The newly proposed design also employs conditional discharge and split-path techniques to further reduce switching activity and short-circuit currents, respectively.

Keywords :- CMOS, double edge, flip-flop, low power.

4. Nanoantenna – A Review on Present and Future Perspective

Authors- ¹Sanjay Kumar, ²Sanju Tanwar, ³Sumit Kumar Sharma

Affiliation- ^1,3M.Tech Scholar, Centre of Nanotechnology, Rajasthan Technical University, Rajasthan 324010.

²Assistant Professor, Centre of Nanotechnology, Rajasthan Technical University, Rajasthan 324010.

DDI – 10.2348/ijset0116240

Abstract- The day-by-day increasing demand of energy for this world enforces to find alternative energy sources. At present lots of R&D is going on to improve photovoltaic devices so as to improve their efficiency but the limit is that they can extract energy only from visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Therefore, a new device called Nanoantenna has been designed that can convert thermal energy extracted from infrared region of the spectrum into electricity. In near future its contribution will be in various fields like space communication, broadband wireless links, wireless optical communication, mobile communication (5G), radar detection and higher order frequency applications. Nanoantenna can be fabricated by different techniques like electron beam lithography, focused ion beam and nanoimprinting lithography. In this paper we will discuss only about nanoimprinting lithography technique, because it is a cost effective and high throughput technique. The material selection for nanoantenna is also a big problem, so we will also discuss how to eliminate it.

Keywords: Nanoantenna, Photovoltaic devices, Infrared, Communication, Lithography, etc.

5. Optimization of Process Parameters in Extraction of Thyme Oil Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

Authors- ¹Nadiya Rashid Malik, ²K. C. Yadav, ³Anurag Verma

Affiliation- ¹Student, Department of Food Process Engineering, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, UP, India, nadiyamalik21@gmail.com

²Assistant Professor, Department of Food Process Engineering, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, UP, India, kailashnature@gmail.com

³Student, Department of Food Process Engineering, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, UP, India, anuragver123@gmail.com

DDI – 10.2348/ijset0116248

Abstract- Thyme is a labiate plant whose essential oil has demonstrated medicinal properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of replacing n-hexane with methanol for the extraction of oil from Thymus vulgaris and to optimize extraction time and temperature using Response Surface Methodology(RSM) by implementing central composite design-face-centered to obtain optimal yield of thyme oil using modified methanol extraction technique. For methanol solvent, the effect of the maceration process on extraction yield under reduced pressure was also evaluated. Higher oil yields were obtained when methanol soaked thyme leaves were macerated causing burst of cells and thus increasing the area for material exchanges. The optimal values of variables with methanol extraction were determined to be 45⁰C for 3 h with a response yield of 20 ml. 1 HNMR results showed that Thymol (2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol) is the main monoterpene phenol ; isomeric with carvacol ,found in thyme essential oil .These compounds have shown anti-inflammatory, antioxidant ,antibacterial ,antifungal and immunomodulatory properties.

Keywords: Maceration ,Methanol, Nuclear Magnetic Resonances (NMR) spectroscopy , Response Surface Methodology (RSM), Rotary Vacuum Evaporator, Thyme , Thymol.

6. Robust Facial Landmark Detection Using a Mixture of Synthetic and Real Images with Dynamic Weighting: A Survey

Authors- ¹Om Prakash Gupta, ²Kanak Kumar

Affiliation- ¹M. Tech Scholar, Department of EC, MIT, Bhopal, INDIA Email: Email: omprakashgupta88@gmail.com

²Assistant Professor, Department of EC, MIT, Bhopal, INDIA

DDI – 10.2348/ijset0116257

Abstract- We propose the use of a 3D morphable face model to generate synthesized faces for regression-based detector training. Benefiting from the large synthetic training data, the learned detector is shown to exhibit a better capability to detect the landmarks of a face with pose variations. Furthermore, the synthesized training data set provides accurate and consistent landmarks automatically as compared to the landmarks annotated manually, especially for occluded facial parts. The synthetic data and real data are from different domains; hence the detector trained using only synthesized faces does not generalize well to real faces.

Keywords: Facial landmark detection, 3D morphable model, cascaded collaborative regression, dynamic multi-scale local feature extraction.

7. Production of Bio-Ethanol from Some Less Edible Fruit Resources in Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation Process followed by Characterization through GC– MS Analysis

Authors- ¹Thouseef Ahamad, M. Y., ²G. Panduranga Murthy

Affiliation- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore- 641046 (Tamilnadu), India.

Department Of Botany & Biotechnology, SRI SIDDAGANGA COLLEGE OF ARTS, COMMERCE AND SCIENCE FOR WOMEN, (Affiliated To Tumkur University, Karnataka), B.H. Road, Tumkur – 572 102, (Karnataka).

Bhoomigeetha Institute of Research & Development (BIRD), B.H. Road, Tumkur- 572 102, Karnataka, India.

Corresponding Author: pandu_murthy@rediffmail.com.

DDI – 10.2348/ijset0116260

Abstract- The present study deals with the production of bio-ethanol from less edible fruit resources like, Kokum Garcinia indica) and Butter fruit (Persea americana) samples by saccharification along with microbial fermentation technology. The microbial strain, Saccharomyces cerevisiae in flocculated conditions was used in the fermentation process and sugar content was analyzed before and after fermentation by standard the methods. The result showed that, the sugar content was more before fermentation (Garcinia indica 28mg/mL and Persea americana 35 mg/mL,) when compared to the post fermentation conditions (Garcinia indica 16mg/mL and Persea americana 18mg/mL). The production of bio-ethanol was accomplished at significant level in both fruit materials. In assessment, the bio-ethanol content from Garcinia indica (13%) was found to be noteworthy compared to Persea americana (11%) which was calculated by distillation method. In addition, the optimized rate of ethanol production through fermentation in Kokum fruit materials by Saccharomyces cerevisiae yields was found to be very high at pH ranges between 5.5-6.0 with the temperature of 30°C. The specific gravity for both Kokum fruit (1.446) and Butter fruit (1.225) was determined. Further, the fermentation was carried-out for 7 days both in Kokum and Butter fruit resources and the ethanol content was calculated for every 24 hours till 7 days. The optimum pH (5.5-6) and temperature (30°C) triggered the fermentation of both fruit resources. The optimum values were found to be significant for Kokum fruit (6.5%) and Butter fruit (6%) at Aspergillus niger. Whereas, in case of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the optimum pH and temperature for the fermentation of Kokum fruit sample was found to be 6.7 and 30°C and 5.8 and 30°C in Butter fruit was noticed. In both fruit samples, maximum ethanol production was completely achieved on 4, 5, 6 & 7 days respectively. Later, the addition of nitrogen sources had an impact on the growth of the organism and supported enzymatic hydrolysis to degrade complex sugars to simple sugars, which can facilitate Bio-ethanol production at optimal level. Besides, urea, ammonium nitrate and Sodium nitrate were proved to be the best nitrogen sources at different concentrations to support enzymatic hydrolysis of both fruit substrates. These fruit resources can be exploited for the production of ethanol as both fruit cultivars are put in order under less edible fruit category, moreover these fruit cultivars are also abundantly available in the project area. Later, the GC analysis showed that, the fruit samples evaluated for the yield of ethanol, Garcinia indica fruit juice gave 100% purity of ethanol as compared to standard. The obtained results of this study suggest that, the materials of both fruits contain significant amount of fermentable sugar which can be converted to bio-ethanol that can serve as one of the paramount alternative energy sources in the present scenario.

Keywords: Bio-fuel, Fruit cultivars, Kokum fruit, Butter fruit, Yeast, Fermentation, Bio-ethanol.

8. Countering Smart Attack and Selective Capture in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Genetic Algorithm

Authors- ¹M. Shamuganapriya, ²S. Divakar

Affiliation- ¹PG Scholar, Department of Computer Science and Engineering (with specialization in Networks), Arunai Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai, India, Email: shamu.ragav@gmail.com

²Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Arunai Engineering College, Tiruvannamalai, India. Email: reachdivakar@gmail.com

DDI – 10.2348/ijset0116274

Abstract- To develop an analysis methodology with simulation validation to identify the defense protocol settings under which the sensor network lifetime is increased due to selective capture and smart attack. Functioning detector nodes are replaced by functioning detector nodes and most obtainable routing methods are used by genetic algorithmic program to cut back the node cost and knowledge loss. To prevent congestion by discarding some unnecessary packets based on the optimization criteria derived in MOO (Multi Objective Optimization).

Keywords- Wireless sensor network, Selective capture, Smart attack, multiple routing, Intrusion tolerance, Intrusion detection.

9. Study on 3D Visual Attention for Stereoscopic Image Quality and Compression Assessment

Authors- ¹Vikas Kumar, ²Sanjay Sharma

Affiliation- ¹M.Tech. Scholar, Department of ECE, Millennium Institute of Technology & Science, Bhopal, M.P., India.

²Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, Millennium Institute of Technology & Science, Bhopal, M.P., India.

DDI – 10.2348/ijset0116281

Abstract- Three-dimensional (3D) images different from traditional two-dimensional (2D) images. Therefore, 3D visual attention will be advantageous to improve 3D visual experience and particularly depth perception. Different combination and modulation means of the 3D visual attention model for quality assessment are investigated. Stereoscopic compression can be achieved by either compression across both views simultaneously, or independently compressing the left and right views separately.

Keywords: Stereo images, Symmetric, asymmetric compression, quality matrices

10. Significance of Various Fibres on Engineered Cementitious Concrete

Authors- ¹Sathishkumar. P, ²Sampathkumar. P, ³Karthik. M, ⁴Vignesh. C

Affiliation- ¹Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Muthayammal College of Engineering, TamilNadu, India, Email: psk.bvn@gmail.com

²Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Muthayammal College of Engineering, TamilNadu, India, Email: psk.sambath@gmail.com

³P.G. Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Muthayammal College of Engineering, TamilNadu, India, Email: mkarthik.civil@gmail.com

⁴P.G. Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Muthayammal College of Engineering, TamilNadu, India, Email: vignesh23692@gmail.com

DDI – 10.2348/ijset0116284

Abstract- Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) is an ultra-ductile fibre reinforced cementitious material that embodies a micromechanics based design concept. The tensile ductility and self-controlled tight crack width characteristics are conducive to enhancing structural safety under severe loading, and durability under normal service loading. The cost of ECC is currently about three times that of normal concrete per cubic Feet. However, a number of commercial projects in Japan and Australia have already demonstrated that initial construction cost saving can be achieved when ECC is used, through smaller structural member size, reduced or eliminated steel reinforcement, elimination of other structural protective systems, and faster construction offered by the unique fresh and hardened properties of ECC, The advantages offered by ECC over conventional concrete become even more compelling. ECC is a field-ready ductile concrete that has the potential to significantly contribute to enhancing infrastructure safety, durability and sustainability. This thesis aims at making ECC with a mix which satisfies the strength characteristics required. Therefore various trial mixes are cast and the mix design is finalised. Polyvinyl alcohol fibres, Polyethylene fibres, Polyester fibres and Polypropylene fibres are added in various proportions (0.5 %, 1%, 1.5% and 2% by weight of cement) and the strengths are compared. Cubes, Cylinders and beams are cast and the Compressive, Split tensile and Flexural Strengths are to be compared.

Keywords: ECC, ultra-ductile, Polyvinyl alcohol fibres, Polyester fibres, Polypropylene fibres

11. Novel Technique for Video Segmentation and Image Matching

Authors- ¹Shakuntala Satyawana, ²Surendra Kumar Agarwal

Affiliation- ¹M.Tech, Scholar, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Government Women Engineering College, Ajmer, India, Email: shakuntalasatyawana@yahoo.in

²Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Govt. Women Engineering College, Ajmer, India, Email: skagarwal5@rediffmail.com

DDI – 10.2348/ijset0116291

Abstract- Image segmentation is an important technique that used by many algorithms to detect the object or to morphologically maps the image to found its mass or to map the image color intensity. Image segmentation can play important role when it comes to identify an object and to match it with the database images. In this paper a technique is presented and implemented to segmentize the image and as well as the videos, also the model presented is constructed in such a way that it also depicts the object category, however to detect the object training database needs to have the complete information about the queried category.

Keywords: Image Segmentation, Object Recognition, Computer Vision

12. A Review Paper on Image Segmentation and Object Recognition Procedures

Authors- ¹Shakuntala Satyawana, ²Surendra Kumar Agarwal

Affiliation- ¹M.Tech, Scholar, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Government Women Engineering College, Ajmer, India, Email: shakuntalasatyawana@yahoo.in

²Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Govt. Women Engineering College, Ajmer, India, Email: skagarwal5@rediffmail.com

DDI – 10.2348/ijset0116299

Abstract- Image segmentation is an important procedure that taken into account by many algorithms to detect the object or to morphologically maps the image to found its mass or to map the image color intensity. Image segmentation can play important role when it comes to identify an object and to match it with the database images. Also during the forensic analysis of images image segmentation can help in identifying the object location and its temperature and also the distance of it from the preset reference point. During computer vision, image segmentation be the method of dividing a digital picture addicted to multiple segments (sets of pixels, also identified like super pixels). The purpose of segmentation be toward make simpler also/otherwise alter the depiction of an picture addicted to incredible that be extra important also easier toward evaluate. Image segmentation be usually in use addicted to explanation near situate objects also margins (shape, curves, etc.) within pictures. Additional accurately image segmentation be the procedure of conveying a label toward each pixel within an picture such that pixels by the similar label distribute definite distinctiveness.

Keywords: Image Segmentation, Object Recognition, Computer Vision

13. Removal of Flouride from Industrial Waste Water Using Mosambi Peel as Biosorbent: Kinetics Studies

Authors- ¹Deepankar Dev Pandey, ²Apoorva Tripathi, ³Tej Pratap Singh

Affiliation- ^1,2Department of Chemical Engineering, Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering & Technology, Jhansi-284128 U.P. India

³Department of Chemical Engineering, Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering & Technology, Jhansi-284128 U.P. India

DDI – 10.2348/ijset0116304

Abstract- Fluorides are the major pollutants present in the effluents from various industries. These are highly toxic to living beings and have a hazardous effect on their health. Thus the removal of fluoride using biosorbents is a major step towards the protection of environment. Here we use Mosambi Peel as a biosorbents for fluoride removal from industrial waste water. The characterization of its surface has been done by using various techniques such as EDAX and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The fluoride removal efficiency of mosambi peel was investigated by batch wise adsorption experiment. The kinetic parameters and constants has been computed from various kinetic models like pseudo first order, pseudo second order, Bangham’s model, intraparticle diffusion model and Elovich model. Adsorption of fluoride on to Mosambi Peel followed the pseudo second order rate equation. The effect of various important parameters on the % removal was studied to find the optimum condition for the maximum removal of fluorides. The parameters like contact time, adsorbent dose, initial fluoride concentration and pH were investigated. The optimum pH, initial concentration, adsorbent dose and contact time were found to be 7, 20 mg/l, 10g/l and 40 min. respectively for which there was maximum fluoride removal.

Keywords: Mosambi peel, Biosorption, Elovich model, SEM, FTIR, Adsorbent dose

14. Design and Fabrication of a Hybrid Solar & Micro Wind Power Generator

Authors- ¹Vishnu Khetan, ²Hari Kumar Singh, ³Rohit Kumar

Affiliation- ¹M.Tech Dual degree Scholar (Energy Engg.), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, Email: khetan2013@gmail.com

²Assistant professor, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India, Email: harisingh027@gmail.com

³M.Tech, Department of Electrical Engineering, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, Email: rohit.lilha007@gmail.com.

DDI – 10.2348/ijset0116314

Abstract- This paper is concerning to designing of the micro hybrid system using solar energy and wind energy simultaneously. Now a day’s electricity is most required facility for the human being. All the conventional energy resources are reducing day by day. So we have to move from conventional to non-conventional energy resources. In this research paper the combination of two energy resources such as i.e. solar and wind energy. The paper defines the design and fabrication of the hybrid solar and micro wind turbine. Solar PV cell and micro wind turbine have a great potential. In this research paper hybrid system we have discuss the design and fabrication of such a system. Hybrid system is simplified design, effectual power production as there is no gear box in the turbine, easiness in the installation, and maintenance coat is low. A hybrid system is design for the generation of power up to 40 W. There are 24 horizontal axis wind turbine in vertical plane is fabricated along with the 10 Solar PV cell of 3.2 W (Max Power). Designing parameter is evaluated and discuss in this research. Various parameter are discusses which affect the efficiency of the both solar PV cell and micro wind turbine.

Keywords- PV array, micro wind turbine, swept area, solidity, coefficient of performance (Cp), power consumption demand, Efficiency, design and fabrication.

15. A Geographical Study of Food Security and Agriculture in India

Author- Ashish Sharma

Affiliation- Research Scholar, Department of Geography, Babu Shobha Ram Arts College (University of Rajasthan), Alwar, Rajasthan, India, Email: ashishsharma2424@rediffmail.com

DDI – 10.2348/ijset0116324

Abstract- Food security is a challenge for India. Food security has a great relation with agriculture. India is a net agricultural exporter, particularly of milk, fruits and vegetables, and cereals. However, food security is affected by climate change and declining water resources on agriculture output. Economic access to food by about a fourth of the population living below the poverty line is a very big problem in India, despite impressive economic growth in the recent years. Food security is assured by increasing agriculture productivity in India.

16. Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles using Delonix Elata Leaf Extract and Its Anti- Inflammatory Activity against Human Blood Cells

Authors- ¹P. Anitha, ²P. Sakthivel

Affiliation- ¹Assistant Professor, Department of Physics, Roever College of Engineering and Technology, Perambalur, Tamilnadu, India, Email: anithasai2013@gmail.com

²Associate Professor, Department of Physics, Urumu Dhanalakshmi College, Trichy, Tamilnadu, India.

DDI – 10.2348/ijset0116330

Abstract- By the review of various literature surveys it has been analyzed that Delonix elata leaf extract has a great medicinal values. The Silver Nanoparticles were prepared by employing the standard procedure. The formation of silver Nanoparticles is confirmed by occurrence of colour change. When Silver Nanoparticles is added with Delonix elata leaf extract, the colour changes from yellow to dark brown which confirms the formation of silver Nanoparticles. The silver Nanoparticles formed have been characterized by UV, FT-IR, XRD and TEM.UV absorbance peak at 230.98nm confirms it as the characteristic peak of silver Nanoparticles. The average sizes of silver Nanoparticles formed by XRD &TEM Analysis are 11.37nm & 11.78nm respectively. Further, these AgNPs formed from Delonix elata leaf extracts has a good anti-inflammatory activity. The anti-inflammatory activity was tested against human blood cells. Hence, the present research aims to open new avenues for the various ailments of medicine with the synthesis of silver Nanoparticles by using leaf extracts like Delonix elata &to bring the anti-inflammatory activity of a medicinal plant to the Scientist’s notice, to educate awareness & add values to resources

Keywords: Delonix elata leaf, Silver Nanoparticles, UV, FT-IR, XRD and TEM etc.,

Financial Time Series Forecasting usingMachine Learning Techniques

Authors – Abhishek Shrivastava

Abstract- – Stock file determining is crucial for settling on educated venture choices. This paper overviews late writing in the area of machine learning systems and manmade brainpower used to estimate securities exchange developments. The productions are sorted by the machine learning system utilized, the anticipating time period, the info factors utilized, and the assessment procedures utilized. It is discovered that there is an agreement between scientists focusing on the significance of stock file determining. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are recognized to be the overwhelming machine learning system around there. We finish up with conceivable future research headings.

Development and Performance Evaluation of Forced Convection Batch Type Steam Blancher

Authors – M. Tech. Scholar Mohd. Kalim, M. Tech. Scholar Md. Jafri Ahsan, Asst. Prof. Er. Kailash Chandra Yadav,

Abstract- – The study was conducted for development and performance evaluation of Forced Convection Batch Type Steam Blancher. The polyphenol oxidase (causes enzymatic browning) inactivation of potato slices (0.25 inch length) after Forced Convection Steam Blanching at different steam pressures (1.0kg/cm2 and 1.5 kg/cm2) for time interval of 1-5 minutes was carried out. Polyphenol Oxidase activity of raw potato (control) was found to be 125.4 Units ml-1 and after blanching at a pressure of 1.0 kg/cm2 for 1 min in potato slices (0.25inch length) was found to be 28.8 Units ml-1 and for 2 min was found to be 10.8 Units ml-1. No polyphenol oxidase activity had been observed after blanching for 3, 4 and 5 minutes. No polyphenol oxidase activity had been observed after blanching at a pressure of 1.5kg/cm2 for 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 minutes for the same potato slice length. Polyphenol oxidase inactivation time decreased as steam pressure increased. Forced Convection Steam Blanching promotes enzyme inactivation at faster rate due to high heat transfer coefficient of condensing steam. The present findings will help to design the blanching conditions with minimum physico-chemical and nutrient changes of final product.